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dressing as a female, have began to or had undergone hormone therapy and other forms of medical transitioning (including cosmetic surgery), then the term hoʻowahine would be used. When they have taken on externally what they feel internally i.e. If they feel more internally that they are kāne (men), they are haʻakāne. Māhū who feel internally wahine (female) - emotionally, spiritually, psychologically and culturally - could use the term haʻawahine. However, Kumu Hina believes that those terms should be revised due to scientific advancement and so she coined four new terms. "Since the term māhū can have multiple spaces and experiences, Kumu Hina originally coined the terms: māhū kāne (transgender man) and māhū wahine (transgender woman).
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Kumu Hinaleimoana Kwai Kong Wong-Kalu clarified that: The term mahuwahine resembles a transgender identity that coincides with Hawaiian cultural renaissance. In 2003, the term mahuwahine was coined within Hawaii's queer community: māhū (in the middle) + wahine (woman), the structure of the word is similar to Samoan fa'a (the way of) + fafine (woman/wife). In the 1980s, māhū and fa'afafine of Samoa and other queer cultures of the Pacific began organizing, as māhū and queer Pacific Islanders were beginning to receive international recognition in various fields. Rae rae is a social category of māhū that came into use in Tahiti in the 1960s, although it is criticized by some māhū as an abject reference to sex. In American artist George Biddle's Tahitian Journal (1920–1922) he writes about several māhū friends in Tahiti, of their role in native Tahitian society, and of the persecution of a māhū friend Naipu, who fled Tahiti due to colonial French laws that sent māhū and homosexuals to hard labor in prison in New Caledonia. Beginning in the mid-1960s the Honolulu City Council required trans women to wear a badge identifying themselves as male. These laws led to the social stigmatization of the māhū in Hawai'i. Missionaries to Hawai'i introduced biblical laws to the islands in the 1820s under their influence Hawai'i's first anti-sodomy law was passed in 1850. His 1893 painting Papa Moe (Mysterious Water) depicts a māhū drinking from a small waterfall. In 1891, when painter Paul Gauguin first came to Tahiti, he was thought to be a māhū by the indigenous people, due to his flamboyant manner of dress during that time. Kaomi Moe, aikāne to King Kamehameha III and a māhū, is another historical example. This led to homosexual, bisexual, and gender nonconforming individuals being mislabeled as "hermaphrodites" in the medical literature. The idea that māhū are biological mosaics appears to be a misunderstanding of the term hermaphrodite, which in early publications by sexologists and anthropologists was used generally to mean "an individual which has the attributes of both male and female," including social and behavioral attributes, not necessarily a biological hybrid or intersex individual. Homosexual, of either sex hermaphrodite." The assumption of same-sex behavior reflects the conflation of gender and sexuality that was common at that time. The term māhū is misleadingly defined in Pukui and Ebert's Hawaiian dictionary as "n. These are referred to by Hawaiian historian Mary Kawena Pukui as pae māhū, or literally a row of māhū. who although I was certain was a man, had great marks of effeminacy about him." Ī surviving monument to this history are the "Wizard Stones" of Kapaemāhū on Waikiki Beach, which commemorate four important māhū who first brought the healing arts from Tahiti to Hawaiʻi. Others describe the māhū as not having access to political power, being unable to aspire to leadership roles, and "Perceived as always available for sexual conquest by men." The first published description of māhū occurs in Captain William Bligh's logbook of the Bounty, which stopped in Tahiti in 1789, where he was introduced to a member of a "class of people very common in Otaheitie called Mahoo. Īccording to some, in the pre-colonial history of Hawai'i, māhū were notable priests and healers, although much of this history was elided through the intervention of missionaries. It depicts a māhū in Tahiti drinking from a waterfall. Papa Moe (Mysterious Water), an oil painting by the Westerner, Paul Gauguin, from 1893.